Necessary steps to install Norton Personal Firewall on a computer running Mac OS X.

You can download it from http://software.doit.wisc.edu

To start installation from the download:

1. Most web browsers will automatically attempt to open the installer file as part of the download process

2. If your browser does not open the file automatically, locate the downloaded file and double click it

3. Read through the license agreement and click Agree to continue.

To start installation from the Security Software Starter CD-Rom

1. Place the CD in the CD-Rom drive and wait for the disk to mount.

2. When the Security Starter icon appears on the desktop, double click it.

Installation is identical from this point on for both download and CD-Rom

1. Open the Norton Personal Firewall folder

2. Open the NPF for OSX folder

3. Double-click Install Personal Firewall.mpkg

4. On some systems, the installer will need to run a program to determine if installation can continue. Click Continue.

5. On the Welcome to Norton Personal Firewall Installer window, click Continue

6. Read the Important Information. Click Continue to proceed.

7. Read the Software License Agreement. Click Continue.

8. You must AGREE with the license terms to continue installation.

9. Select a destination volume where the software should install. Click Continue to proceed.

10. Click Install or Upgrade to perform a standard installation.

11. When prompted to Authenticate, enter your username and password. Click Ok to continue.

12. You are given a warning that installing the software requires a restart. Click Continue Installation.

13. Once all files are installed, you will be asked if you want to run LiveUpdate. Click Yes.
Note: LiveUpdate requires a connection to the Internet.
14. After LiveUpdate has finished, click Restart to complete the installation.

Running the Norton Personal Firewall Setup Assistant

1. The first time Norton Personal Firewall runs, it will launch the Setup Assistant to help you configure the firewall. Click Continue.

2. Setup Assistant checks for any internet services running on your computer. It displays what it has found in the Access Settings window. If any services were found, you should review them carefully and only allow the ones you are sure you need.

3. If any services are found and you choose to allow them, Setup Assistant will ask you how much access to allow. Choose Only computers on my local network or The entire Internet and click Continue.

4. Using the slider, choose a protection level. The default, Medium, is usually sufficient. Click Continue.

5. Choose whether you wish to participate in Symantec DeepSight by clicking the check box. You can also view the DeepSight privacy policy statement here by clicking the Read the Symantec DeepSight Pricacy Policy button. Click Continue.

6. Setup Assistant is finished. Click Done.

The firewall will now run whenever you start your computer.

PHP/FI :

In 1995 Rasmus Lerdorf first coded for PHP/FI and this gave birth for PHP. He had used simple set of Perl scripts on his home page to keep track of who were looking at his online resume. The first version of PHP was released in 1995 and was known as the Personal Home Page Tools.

PHP/FI, stood for Personal Home Page / Forms Interpreter and it included some of the basic functionality of PHP. It had Perl-like variables, automatic interpretation of form variables and HTML embedded syntax.

PHP/FI Version 2 :

Then in mid-1995 a simplistic parser engine which could understood a few special macros and a number of utilities was introduce and was renamed as PHP/FI Version 2.. Here after PHP/FI grew at an amazing pace and people started contributing their code to it.

PHP version 3 :

Then in 1997 Andi Gutmans and Zeev Suraski had changed and rewritten the parser from scratch and the new parser was borned as PHP version 3. A lot of the utility code from PHP/FI was ported over to PHP 3 and a lot of it was completely rewritten.One of the biggest strengths of PHP 3.0 was its strong extensibility features this was the reason that attracted dozens of developers to join in and submit new extension modules and helped for getting tremendous success.By the end of 1998, PHP grew to an install base of tens of thousands of users (estimated). After spending about 9 months in public testing, finally in June 1998 PHP 3.0 was officially released.

PHP 4 :

To improve performance of some complex applications, and improve the modularity of PHP’s code base it become necessary to use some new features and support from a wide variety of third party databases and APIs, as PHP 3.0 was not able to handle such complex applications at the movement. So a engine, named ‘Zend Engine’ (comprised of their first names, Zeev and Andi) was successfully designed to overcome these problems. This gave birth for PHP 4.0 This version was based on this engine, and coupled with a wide range of additional new features. This version had taken nearly 2 years for its official release ( May 2000 ).

PHP 4 had many new features as, support for many more Web servers, HTTP sessions, output buffering, more secure ways of handling user input and several new language constructs. Today several million sites uses PHP 4, and same number of developers love to code it.

PHP 5 :

After long research and development work with several pre-release versions finally PHP 5 was released in July 2004. It is also based on Zend Engine 2.0 with a new object model and dozens of other new features.

PHP 4’s version was lacking in many features as :

* MySQL extension doesn’t support the new MySQL 4.1

* client protocol

* and XML support is a hodgepodge.

Fortunately, PHP 5 improves on PHP 4 in following terms :

* Object-oriented programming

* MySQL

* XML

* PHP 5 bundles SQLite, providing developers with a database that’s guaranteed to work on all PHP 5 installations.

* PHP 5 offers a completely different model of error checking called exception handling using this you’re freed from the necessity of checking the return value of every function.

A Web robot is a program that automatically traverses the web using automated script and retrieves documents. Web robot follows links on any website either within the site itself or to other websites to which that website links. Web robots are mainly used to create a copy of all the visited pages for later processing by a search engine. These robots always look for Robots.txt file. Sometimes, if they don’t find this file, they will not index that website, this is not the case with all search engines, different search engine have different algorithm written for their robot. Web robot are mainly used to create a copy of all the visited pages for later processing by a search engine, that will index the downloaded pages to provide fast searches.The most common types of Web robots are the search engine spiders.
Other than indexing web pages, web robots are also used for automating maintenance tasks on a Web site, such as checking links or validating HTML code.
These Web robots are also termed as web crawlers, bots, spiders, wanderers, worms, ants, and automatic indexers etc.

How do robot works?

* Normally robot starts from a list of URLs, especially from documents with many links from most popular sites on the web.

* Most indexing services also allow you to submit URLs manually, which will then be crawled and visited by the robot.

* Sometimes other sources for URLs are used, such as scanners through USENET postings, published mailing list achieves etc.

Once this starting point is got by a robot they can select URLs to visit and index.
Different robots have different indexing strategies depending on their algorithm set by search engine. Some robots index the HTML Titles, or the first few paragraphs, or parse the entire HTML and index all words, with weightings depending on HTML constructs, some parse the META tag, and all have different set of rules.
We cannot force or guess about what indexing strategy a robot should use.

You do not need to dominate generic and highly competitive keywords to have a successful website. The website simply has to make more money than you put into it or more than what your time is worth if all you put into it is time.

Instead of targeting a generic and highly competitive keyword you should target less competitive and descriptive keywords to get more traffic. For example targetting a highly competitive keyword like ‘web hosting’ for your web hosting business site is not gonna get you on top very soon as there is already an awful lot of competition for that keyword. Sure, the payoff if you were successful could be huge, but your chances of success are awfully slim. Instead targeting more descriptive and specific keywords like ‘business web site hosting’, ‘web hosting php mysql’, unix web hosting, plesk hosting etc might be much more beneficial and productive. The overall traffic on your site will be lower, but you’ll get more traffic as #1 on an less competitive term than #120 on a popular term.

So, what keywords would you want to optimize for?  Well, how about site optimization for questions?

Not everyone conducts ‘question’ searches on search engines, for example some may simply type in a question such as ‘How do I get my website online?’ and expect the search engine to return a favourable response. The people who do this tend are less Internet savvy  and such people are more apt to click on ads, which is a good demographic to attract. So consider optimizing for questions or similar phrases instead of keywords.

The simplest way to do this is in naming your articles or content pages. People will most often link to a page using it’s title, and by titling your articles as questions you’ll surely get that text in it’s title tags, anchor text, and any applicable H header tags.

While optimizing your site for search engines remember one thing that, not every user is a good typist and he may mis-spell a word or URL as he enter the text into the browser or search box. There are many who think that going after these people is a waste of time since almost all search engines recognize grammatical errors and make suggestions to the user. But sometimes there are various ways of a writing a word, and you need to optimize for all of them.

Consider a search term relating to webhosting, user may try any of one of them for his search.
Webhosting.
Web hosting.
Web-hosting.

What the search result showed for each of them in Google was totally different though all of them sound similar.

Search term Webhosting have 65,500,000 results and Web hosting displayed 187,000,000 results whereas for Web-hosting 120,000,000 results where showed.There was much difference in result for the same word when written in different ways.
But to the user, any one of these spellings could be correct, and as long as he finds what he is looking for, user may not care which way it gets spelled?

So, to stand out for each word in today’s SEO scenario, you need to optimize for all three words, if you truly want to own that keyword/phrase. The best way to achieve this is to make sure that you have all the variants of the word in your page copy, meta tags, page title and at every important place that you can insert those words. Make sure you don’t overdo, repetition of such words can be considered as a spam, keyword stuffed page by search engine which can affect your ranking.

If you want your website to gain a high Google PageRank, one thing that SEO suggest is to submit your site to directories. Now in this race of getting PR it is getting harder to find directories that pass PR, because too many dishonest webmasters are using black hat methods that can prevent their web pages from passing PR. This is often because too many outgoing links on a page reduces the PR of that page and thus the whole site suffers, sometimes they do this and also force us to trade link exchange with them (reciprocal link) this will not benefit you but your link will definitely benefit them for their PR.

Black hat techniques used for preventing PR passing :

* 302 Redirects on links :
Some directories put code on the outgoing links that uses software that tracks clicks. Some of these codes are harmless but some can steal PR from your site.

* Links in frames :
Some directories have their outgoing links are in frames search engines will never see it as they cannot read what is in frames. So you will not be benefited.

* Session IDs :
Those sites developed with .php and .asp scripts with session IDs to track clicks will prevent PR from passing to any site they link to.

* No Follow Tags :
Some directories have pages with nofollow tag such as www.sitename.com/rel=” nofollow ” on their link the such link is telling the search engine not to follow the links and thus to not index or record the link and not pass on the PR.

* Javascript Links :
Some directories use javascript around links. There are various ways to hide the Javascript Sometimes the supposed link to your site is actually a link to their cgi bin where they have another page with a Javascript redirect pointing at your site. Search engines can’t read Javascript so you get no credit for that link in their directory.

Gentoo:

Gentoo Linux is a Linux distribution named after the Gentoo Penguin. Gentoo is a free operating system. It is based on either Linux or FreeBSD that can be automatically customized and optimized for just about any application or need. This is accomplished by building all tools and utilities from source code, although, for convenience, several large software packages are also available as precompiled binaries for various architectures. Gentoo achieves all this via the Portage system. Extreme configurability, performance and a top-notch user and developer community are all hallmarks of the Gentoo experience. Gentoo is also appreciated for its discussion forums and the large knowledge base they represent.

Portage:

Portage is the heart of Gentoo, and performs many key functions. For one, Portage is the software distribution system for Gentoo. To update your local “Portage tree” over the internet with the latest software for Gentoo Linux, run: emerge –sync. Your local Portage tree contains a complete collection of scripts that can be used by Portage to create and install the latest Gentoo packages. Currently, we have over 10000 packages in our Portage tree, with updates and new ones being added all the time. The command to install a package is emerge packagename, Portage also keeps your system up-to-date. Typing emerge -uD world — one command — will ensure that all the packages that you want on your system are updated automatically.

Gentoo MacOS:

Gentoo MacOS allows you to use the portage tree and emerge natively under Mac-OSX. Many packages are still masked. Gentoo for MacOS X is basically just the portage package, and the portage-tree, but installed and capable of running natively under MacOS X. By installing gentoo for MacOS X you get python (or some updates to an already existing python framework - not sure), the “emerge” binary, and the portage tree (which you should sync as soon as you install it). You naturally also get the configuration files that are needed for portage to operate. And the best part is, that it is exactly there where it is under linux, and it behaves exactly like under linux.

Page Cloaking is also known as “Code Swapping”. There are three ways, by which search engine can detect to see if site has used cloaking.

1. User-Agent cloaking
2. IP based cloaking and
3. A Human Representative.

1. User-Agent cloaking: If someone has used this type of cloaking then search engine sends a spider to a site without reporting the name of the search engine in user agent variable. If search engine finds dissimilar pages – the one that is accessed by a spider which reports search engine name and the spider which doesn’t report, then it is likely to be considering as a page cloaking.

2. IP based cloaking: A spider can be sent by the search engine via other IP address instead of those IPs used earlier by a spider. It is obvious that this new IP used by a spider will not be there in the database used for code swapping or cloaking. If the page delivered to a spider of known IP address (old spider) is detected different than the page delivered to the spider with new IP address (new spider), then search engine knows that the page cloaking has been used by a site.

3. Human Representative: assigned by search engine may visit a site to find out if the site has used cloaking. If he finds that the page delivered to a search engine spider is totally different than the page he has viewed, then he identifies that the site has used cloaking.

Getting your site into Google index seems to be easy but it’s not that easy as it seems so. The most effective way of getting a website in Google index is to link to it from another site already indexed. There are other ways too of getting into the Google index without taking the chance of getting caught up in a link farm and risk losing position.

Try using Google Maps/Google Authentication. Google Maps have been around for a while and can be submitted at http://www.google.com/sitemaps, but you may also want to take it one step further and authenticate your web site at the same time. It’s as easy as adding a premade Google meta tag or uploading a .html file.

Google says that the authentication is for three main purposes

Crawling Information - This is to make sure your web site is accessible to the robots. You are able to see if the bot has had issues with HTTP errors, pages not found, URLs that aren’t followed, URLs restricted by the robots.txt file, URLs that timed out and unreachable URLs.

Robots.txt Validation - This is to assure that the bot can access and read the file.

Content - A neat section of information that shows you how the Google Bot sees your web site content.

All in all the Google Authentication is a great tool for webmasters and best of all, it’s a free service.

Today there are many frameworks available for the PHP programming language, and especially a lot of RAD (Rapid Application Development) frameworks which aim to make web development faster, less tedious and more organized. New and new frameworks are being released daily.

Following are the different frameworks which are hot in industry today :
Zend Framework, CakePHP, Symfony,
Seagull Framework, WACT, Prado,
PHP on TRAX, ZooP Framework,
CodeIgniter and many more……

Among these CakePHP was one of the first frameworks to port the RAD philosophy - which became so popular after Ruby on Rails.

CakePHP :
CakePHP v1.0 is now one of the most popular and intuitive solutions for PHP programming. It is a rapid development framework for PHP which uses commonly known design patterns like ActiveRecord, Association Data Mapping, Front Controller and MVC. It provides a structured framework that enables PHP users at all levels to rapidly develop robust web applications, without any loss to flexibility.

CakePHP separates itself from the rest of the PHP world by concentrating on simplicity, portability, flexibility and scalability. CakePHP does not require any additional libraries like PEAR or Propel. CakePHP includes an architecture that allows for easily extending its many built-in features through components and helpers.
CakePHP supports natively various commonly used databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL and SQLite, and uses a wrapper for database abstraction layers like AdoDb or PEAR::MDB.

Why to use CakePHP :

* Lightweight : It is one of the smallest frameworks available: less than 300KB in a .zip archive.
* CakePHP does not believe in a components/widget approach, and does not include pre-made modules to manage some common but relatively specialistic tasks (reading a RSS feed, sending email messages).
* Compatible with PHP4 and PHP5 : CakePHP applications can be run both on PHP4 and PHP5.
* Enhanced AJAX support : Cake’s pre-defined AJAX helper makes the creation of Web 2.0 AJAX interfaces extremely fast and easy.
* Suitable for any kind of project : CakePHP is an excellent choice to create almost any kind of web application, from the small personal website to the complex e-commerce solution.
* Bake : useful “bake” command line script to generate parts of the code automatically.Bake utility, is currently available as either a batch file or a PHP script.